Toyota Environmental Factors Essay Example

Toyota Environmental Factors Paper Those components that are leveled bankrupt activity have gone under the inner variables and the elements that past the business control are viewed as outside elements (Van Busch,1 980). More often than not, outside elements have come because of the aftereffects of the outer business and alluded to the outside components. The effective global associations have settled on their showcasing choice and its procedures for making experience against the various ecological elements of the business. This paper needs to target investigating the various natural elements and the showcasing choice for the world driving vehicle fabricating organization Toyota Corporation. The vehicle fabricating organization that headquarter has dependent on Japan is the biggest engine produce on the planet. The organization has run its activity in the household and universal level to the point of grow their piece of the overall industry and offers an assortment of vehicles for their clients. Toyota Corporation has in excess of 3000 deals habitats in their local market, and more than 1 000 deals community all on the world (Bass Mornings, 2000). Conversation There are various components that greatly affect the choice of promoting for the Toyota Corporation. Variables have been including are worldwide, social-social, affordable, Legal, political and innovative. These natural elements have gotten trying for the business and experience against them, even more often than not these ecological components have become the significant danger for the business. To handle these dangers firm have to the necessary number of vital and advertising choice to beat these elements. We will compose a custom exposition test on Toyota Environmental Factors explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Toyota Environmental Factors explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Toyota Environmental Factors explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Worldwide Economic Interdependence Toyota Corporation has required offering their item agreement to the predominant inward market because of the worldwide financial association. When there is the less interest from the inward market Toyota has require o change their advertising systems and assembling vehicle as indicated by the worldwide need, while when global interest has rises they have utilizes broad methodologies of conveyance and promoting choice to meet consumer loyalty and need. The acts of exchange understanding have additionally influenced the choice of showcasing for Toyota Corporation; the organization has a significant impact to make an agreement with the sole operator for the particular market (Cortez camp; Penetrated, 2010), that would help fortification the Toyota that don't sell the item straightforwardly towards clients even their wholesalers become bankrupt. Segment, Physical framework Cultural contrasts Social elements has identifies with the segment highlights and qualities. Normal for segment has incorporated the distinctions among sexual orientations among the shoppers, impression of clients and mentalities, social contrast between the specific networks, social assorted varieties. Toyota Corporation has realized that very well about different recognitions among their objective clients towards the decision of engine vehicles (Bass Mornings, 2000). The organization has decided the recognition and shopper taste particularly in the landmass Africa. Uganda customer has for the most part favored the vehicles of single lodges while the purchaser on the United States has favored four wheeler vehicles with twofold lodges. Physical foundation then again has moderately significant for Toyota Corporation, for instance in Dark Continent Toyota need to confront troubles to sell their vehicles because of lacking physical framework, while request of Toyota vehicles are relative very high in Europe and US. Social Responsibility Toyota Corporation has the great name in the market since they are social mindful and ready to back up domestics and remote networks. Toyota Corporation assists with building the school and universities in the town and give great sum for the help of food gracefully for those families who have been influenced because of earth-shakes or other catastrophic events. The organization has the intend to secure the earth in this manner they are center towards the green and get great gratefulness from the worldwide network. Political framework and International Relations Political and the legitimate components are connected with the nation political status, this is essentially the guidelines and guidelines that have forced on Toyota business by those nations where Toyota play out their business exercises. These limitations are difficult and will in general control for leading the exchange Of business. Shakiness of the political framework in larger part nations has likewise showed up the negative impact from the promoting endeavors for Toyota Motor Corporation (Cortez Penetrated, 2010). Remote Act Foreign Act has set principles that the organization needs to go along the legitimate necessity of the nations in which they are worked that is help to decrease the contention with the state offices (Arthur, 1978). Toyota Corporation needs to pay the permit charge and expenses which are expected. Outside Corrupt Practices Act of 1 977 is exceptionally helpful in the global business for Toyota Corporation to dodge an inappropriate managing and cost for cash lost. This demonstration will likewise supportive for Toyota Corporation that they can morally and ethically have the ideal for all the exchanges that help to quality their business. Innovation Effect The components of innovation have identifies with the developments and creation that are either founded on the designing or science. The point of Toyota Corporation needs to deliver that vehicle that is equipped for dynamic needs of their individual clients. Organization has a solid branch of exploration and plush which have had the option to produce the vehicles to fulfill different client of local and global market. There are ostensible cases that deficient vehicles have returned towards an organization that shows dynamic advancement of the organization (Cortez Penetrated, 2010). The another significant utilization of innovation by Toyota Motor Corporation is delivering prudent fuel utilization vehicle that guarantee that Toyota utilizes it procedure of assembling as indicated by current progression of innovation. End The effective business has consistently connected with for looking for the chances, to simply in the domestics showcase, yet they have picked daring thought by make their passageway towards the worldwide market (Steven David, 2008). The organizations who have conquered the natural difficulties for their business zone are continually having an upper hand over their rivals. There is a necessity to build up the proper methodologies to go for counterattack towards any negative test that severely influence activities of the business. The neglected needs of the shopper are the ideal decision of Toyota Motor Corporation. Organization research office continually exploration to meet the desires for client. There is the need of point by point investigation for both residential the inward market wherein organization might want to enter.

Chapter 2. of Ontological Argument essays

Section 2. of Ontological Argument expositions Above all else, to completely comprehend this bewildering contention, you should emphatically accept the meaning of God St. Anselm gives, which is as followed: God is something that which nothing more noteworthy can be imagined. Anselm's announcement basically implies that it is preposterous to expect to consider being more noteworthy than God. Regardless of whether an individual doesn't accept that God exists, as long as the individual accepts this meaning of God, St. Anselm can demonstrate the presence of God. The second thought you should accept, so as to completely comprehend the contention, is, it is more noteworthy to exist than not to exist. Next, St. Anselm portrays two sorts of presence: presence in the psyche, and presence as a general rule. Presence actually is extremely simple to accept. On the off chance that you can contact, see, smell, hear, or taste something, as a general rule it exists. Presence in the psyche is more diligently to comprehend for a few, in light of the fact that numerous individuals just accept what they see. St. Anselm gives a lovely delineation of how he can demonstrate that something can exist in the brain, and furthermore as a general rule. He gives us the case of a painter, before the painter paints an image, in his psyche he has a comprehension of what the work of art will resemble. After the painter has made the canvas, the painter will trust it exists in his psyche, for he had the vision of the work of art before he performed it, and in all actuality , since now he can see the artwork with his own eyes. Presently, St .Anselm has demonstrated two things: God is what nothing more noteworthy can be imagined, and it is more noteworthy to exist than not exist. Given you definitely realize that something can exist in the psyche just as a general rule, you are currently completely prepared to comprehend St. Anselm's ontological contention. Which is as per the following: God is by definition the best being conceivable. A being who neglects to exist is less flawless than a being who exists. In this manner, God must exist, fundamentally. In the event that a being neglected to exist, the being would be, that than whi ... <!

Scammers Target Idaho Homebuyers - OppLoans

Scammers Target Idaho Homebuyers - OppLoans Scammers Target Idaho HomebuyersInside Subprime: May 29, 2019By Lindsay FrankelThe Better Business Bureau is warning Idaho homebuyers about an ongoing scam in which fraudsters infiltrate a real estate transaction in order to steal thousands from prospective homeowners.Typically, hackers gain access to the email accounts of the parties involved in the sale of the home. They’ll often gather details about the sale to make themselves appear legitimately involved. As the closing date approaches, the buyer will receive an email from the hacked account or similar email address that states the terms of the transaction have changed, including new instructions for sending funds. The scammer persuades the buyer to wire money to a fraudulent account not associated with the real estate transaction.Similar scams have popped up across the globe in recent years. Between 2015 and 2017, the FBI found a 1,300 percent increase in losses due to business email compromise, which has now drained almost $3 billion from 22,000 people. In 2017, one San Antonio homebuyer lost over $36,000 to a spear phishing scam. In hindsight, she said she should have verified the transaction details by phone.And that’s the same advice the BBB is issuing to prospective homebuyers. Consumers should contact the real estate agent or title company by phone to verbally confirm any transaction instructions before wiring money. The BBB also suggests that businesses enhance their cybersecurity measures and educate prospective homeowners about the dangers of spear phishing scams.FBI spokesman David Fitz said the real estate industry is an appealing target for scammers, who are looking for opportunities to interfere with large transactions. The shift from phone correspondence and paper checks to email communication and wiring funds has caused a spike in this type of crime. Fitz also said that many companies may be unwilling to report the scam because of concern that their competency will be called into questio n, which means the scam could be more prevalent than FBI data indicates.Idaho’s booming real estate market has led to quicker transactions and a sense of urgency that makes Idaho residents an ideal target for scammers. “Unfortunately, email and Internet scams are more and more prevalent and pose a growing threat to the real estate industry,” said Idaho Realtors CEO David Hensley. “If you receive a suspicious email or text during your home purchase or sale, the Idaho Realtors encourage you to reach out and call your realtor to make sure it is not fraudulent.”If you or someone you know has been the victim of a spear phishing scam, you should report the fraud to the FBI’s Internet Crime Complaint Center.Learn more about payday loans, scams, and cash advances by checking out our city and state financial guides, including Idaho,  Boise,  Idaho Falls,  Rexburg  and more.

The Pros and Cons of Participant Observation or Surveys as...

Introduction In our daily activities as humans, we consciously and unconsciously observe what people do around us, how they do it, and sometimes ask why they do what they do. In so doing we gain a better understanding of their ways of life. Anthropologist and sociologist too mention but a few, professions employ the daily observations we engage in as humans in a methodology called participant observation. Dewalt and Dewalt (2002:1) define participant observation as â€Å"a method in which a researcher takes part in the daily activities, events, rituals and interactions, of a group of people as one of the means of learning the explicit and tacit aspects of their life routine and culture.† Participant observation can be carried out in roles†¦show more content†¦The physical presence of the researcher and his use of direct observation have tremendous positive effects on the quality of data generated and further enhances it. This is so because it has the capacity to do the following. Firstly, it has the capacity to reduce reactivity which is capable of distorting data. The likelihood that the presence of the observer may allow for alterations in the behaviour of the observed, by the observed towards the observer exist in participant observation and are capable of reducing the validity of data if such actions are not take into cognisance suggests Schwartz and Schwartz (1955).familiarity between the observed and the observer over time can however change this .Bernard (2006) affirms that rather than encourage the occurrence of such, the presence of the researcher instead discourages reactivity on the basis that the researcher’s presence over time builds trust with the observed and in turn lowers the risk of reactivity because the observed are more familiar and comfortable around the researcher. Hence they act in their natural state this therefore, help to generate more valid data. Secondly, Dewaltz and Dewaltz (2002) refer to participant observation as a mean s of learning ‘tacit and explicit ‘aspects of people’s life routines andShow MoreRelatedTypes of Experimental Research Methodologies1387 Words   |  6 Pages  Natural observation occurs when researchers observe participants in their natural setting. When researchers use natural observation they do not change the environment the participants are in and the researchers do nothing to change the behavior of the participants. Natural observation is used when researchers are looking for a particular behavior but this can be a very time consuming method of research. The researcher has no guarantee that he or she will witness the particular behavior he or sheRead MoreLiterature Review on Tesco and Impact of Recession1682 Words   |  7 Pagesand the data collection methods used in order to carry out the research that is based on TESCO and whether it has an impact of recession or not. 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Mobile Electronics Are A Big Part Of Our Society - 1103 Words

Mobile electronics are a big part of our society. The biggest example of this is probably the cell phone. Cell phones have become one of those things that you must have today. The cell phone and devices like it continue to get smarter and smarter. With the evolution of the smartphone In recent years, most of us walk around with a handheld computer in our pockets. As the devices continue to evolve, so to then must the accessories. Headphones are an accessory that many of us carry at all times. When you buy a new phone it usually comes with a pair of wired headphones made of cheap material that most of us disregard. We usually ditch these for something that better suits our lifestyle, wireless, sound quality, etc. The Hooke wireless†¦show more content†¦Product B may not have the booming sound of product A, and allows a little outside noise in, but is still a pair of decent headphones. This topic will be more important to some people than others. I use my headphones at the gym more than anyplace else. There’s nothing worse than listening to gym music, so for me I need my headphones to block out all that crap the gym plays so I can zone out. I prefer wireless headphones over the wired variety. The key benefit here for me is that I’m able to move around freely without a wire being in my way. It never fails either that the wire always gets caught on something and snatches the headphones off your head. For me wireless is the only way to go when picking headphones. Since my headphones of choice are wireless, I will be using a Bluetooth connection. When using a Bluetooth connection, you must be careful to stay within your Bluetooth range or you will lose connection. If I’m in my apartment, I don’t want to have to carry my phone with me when I have my headphones on. I want to be able to leave my phone on the charger and walk around my place without losing my connection. The range of your connection is very important if you choose wireless headphones. I’m a very busy person who is always on the go. I need my headphones to be as durable as me. Since I’m gone most days from sun up to sun down, I need my pair of headphones to be Banks 3 able to last all day. Now,Show MoreRelatedDo Humans Really Need Electronics?1307 Words   |  6 PagesToday we use electronics for almost everything whether it is for games, or communication, or for looking up information that is needed. Some people believe that that they could not live without their electronics; like it was another part of their body. While others believe that electronics are not a necessity; that they can live their lives without ever picking up any form of electronics. Either way it has been a long debated topic. 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Concept Analysis In Nursing - 1158 Words

Application of Concept Analysis to Practice In recent years there has been a movement in nursing to further understand the many terms (concepts) that are used. Concepts in nursing often seem vague or appear to have ambiguous meanings. For the purpose of this paper, we will take a deeper look at one specific concept, emotional intelligence, and examine a peer reviewed article that utilizes the Walker and Avant method to deconstruct the meaning. Emotional intelligence is asks the nurse to look at their own feelings and the feelings of others to achieve a successful nurse-patient interaction. Lastly, this paper will show how emotional intelligence can be applied in practice. Concept for Analysis The nurse-patient interaction is the†¦show more content†¦Next, the authors were to determine defining attributes of emotional intelligence. They concluded there were two defining attributes: 1. Emotional intelligence as the individual trait 2. Emotional intelligence as the ability to understand, express and control emotions of one’s self and others (Yekta Abdolrahimi, 2015). The next steps in the Walker and Avant concept analysis model is to identify scenarios in which the term is used. The authors provide a model case, in which a nurse understands a patient’s concern over their diagnosis, and therefore, adjusts body language, tone and demeanor to suggest a plan of care. In step 6 they identify borderline and contrary scenarios. Yekta and Abdolrahimi suggests a borderline scenario in which a nurse understands a patient may need comfort following a new diagnosis, yet the nurse leaves the patient in the room alone to wait for the provider. The authors then suggest a negative scenario in which a patient receives upsetting news and the nurse, regardless of the diagnosis, provides a disappointing plan of care (Yekta Abdolrahimi, 2015). The remaining two steps of the Walker and Avant concept analysis identifies antecedents and consequences as well as defines empirical references. The article identifies one’s locus of control as the antecedents to emotional intelligence. Although this is not explained well in the article, locus of control is a psychological concept that refers to how strongly people believe theyShow MoreRelatedConcept Analysis : Nursing Analysis1658 Words   |  7 PagesConcept Nursing Analysis The meaning of concept analysis is how nursing â€Å"explores the meaning of concepts to promote understanding† (McEwen, Wills, 2010). Pain continues to be a common problem within health care and one of the most treat problems when seeking medical treatment. The concept analysis consist of several steps to complete the process. The steps of the concept analysis are as follows: â€Å"1. select the concept 2. Determine the aims or purpose of analysis 3. Identify all the uses of theRead MoreConcept Analysis And Identify A Nursing Concept2357 Words   |  10 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to create a concept analysis and identify a nursing concept that is within a nursing theory. A concept analysis is a process where concepts and their characteristics are researched and clarified. The eight steps on conducting a concept analysis include selection of a concept used in a nursing theory, identification of the aims or purposes of the analysis, identification of possible use of the selected concept, determination of defining attributes, identification ofRead MoreNursing Care: A Concept Analysis1297 Words   |  5 PagesConcept analysis in the article Nursing Care: A Concept Analysis In theory development literature, concepts are the building blocks from which one constructs theories. 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Unlike nurses in the past, the modern nurses role is not limited to the physicians assistant, but rather takes on a critical partnership role with both doctor and patient. This role is multicimensional: advocate, caregiver, teacher, researcher, counselor, translator, and case manager. Of course, care is of the upmost importance and includes those activities that assist the client physically mentally andRead MoreStaff Satisfaction : Nursing : A Concept Analysis3058 Words   |  13 PagesStaff Satisfaction in Nursing: A Concept Analysis The term staff satisfaction is commonly used in society today. Whether it is in the world of business, economics, healthcare, or other organizational institutions; many evaluations and institutional changes stem from the results of this staff satisfaction. With emphasis on the healthcare industry, staff satisfaction of nurses often affects the way they perform in their care of patients. It may also affect their happiness within the organization andRead MoreConcept Analysis of Caring in Nursing Essay2156 Words   |  9 PagesIt is evident that nursing theorists, scholars and health care professions have varying interpretations of what caring is or should be. In the middle of all these disparity, caring is a vital component of the nursing practice and the key to choosing the concept of caring is because it is very essential when it comes to health care. This paper tries to make clear the concept of caring in the field of nursing and it makes use of the Walker and Avant outline to supp ort the concept. It starts with recognizingRead MoreConcept Analysis : The Theory Of The Science Of Nursing1875 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Concept analysis is a process that many healthcare professionals use in practice daily. It helps when conducting research into the best practices we should be abiding by in order to give the best possible care at all times. Concept derivation from Walker and Avant’s (2011) perspective is often necessary when there are few concepts currently available to a nurse that explain a problem area. It is applicable when a comparison or analogy can be made between one field or area that is conceptually

Globalization In The Financial Sector And Personal Reflection assignme

Questions: 1. In reference to a particular business sector of your choice discuss four major drivers that may have accelerated the pace of globalization of this sector since the year 2000. Briefly assess two main impacts of globalization on this sector over this period. 2. Personal reflection. Give a brief account of how the process of globalization might have impacted on you; provide detailed explanations of your response to the process. Answers: 1. Globalization in the financial sector The present time is the age of globalization. And, UK is one of the worlds most globalized economies. The service sector dominates the UK economy. It contributes about 78% to their GDP. And among that financial services sector is in itself quite important. UKs capital London is the worlds largest financial sector. Therefore when UK was recognizing wave of globalization how its mighty financial sector could have been spared. The financial sector has also been revolutionized through globalization over time. (Ref: Richard Davies and Peter Richardson, Lazarowicz, Global Financial Centers)There had been several drivers that have accelerated the pace of globalization of financial sector since the year 2000. Most important of them are-1. Political Drivers - The Governments all over the world in the drift of globalization allowed the banks to open their units and branches in any part of the region. Apart they could also engage in merger activities internationally. Now, it is well known that hefty international mergers impact the structure of the entire domestic markets. And due to this the respective governments keep on devising and implementing foreign trade policies. These policies are specifically targeted at reducing the level of competition among domestic firms and international firms. Usually they confront the multinational firms to protect regional firms. There have been several laws for the same including those made in the early 80s of 19th century. They include among all the Deposito ry Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980 and the Garn-St. Germaine Depository Act of 1982. These acts used to provide the Federal Reserve a greater control over the non-member banks. These acts used to work to allow the banks to merge and thrift institutions (credit unions, savings and loans and mutual savings banks) to offer checkable deposits. Now that was the condition in 80s, in 1993 the Second Banking Directive was implemented which deregulated the markets of European Union countries. In 1994, European insurance markets underwent similar changes as a result of the Third Generation Insurance Directive of 1994. Now these two directives bring about the necessary change for globalization in the financial services sector. It opened the home financial services sector to the fierce challenge from multinational corporations. In addition it created a vigorous global scramble to secure customers that had been previously unreachable or untouchable. Now banks and finan cial services were open to take advantage of the other financially rich economies. In the past, while the institutional and regulatory restrictions on banks activities had been preventing banks from fully responding to economic drivers, deregulation of these by the Governments, all across globe, removed these constraints. Now the banks were open to expand into new markets offering higher (albeit more volatile) margins. This prospective profitability sight provided by the diversification and on tune encouraged by the deregulation has been a major thrift in pacing the rate of globalization of financial services.(Ref: Susan Lund, Toos Daruvala, Richard Dobbs, Philipp Harle, Ju-Hon Kwek, and Ricardo Falcon, Nicolas Pologeorgis) 2. Technological Drivers US has always been considered as the most technology savvy market in the world. But American minds are not the sole technologically efficient minds in the world. There is talent all over the world. And even the American organizations know that. When, globalization opened ways for organizations how could they stay unperturbed to the tech-efficient people all around? Rather they took to take advantage of the same. So organizations hired the technical minded people in spite of their location on the globe. Now, only technical organization do not require technical people, even they are required in the financial sector. And they same as was revolutionizing around, helped financial organizations hire competent minds to make them more technologically advanced. Then, on globe there are several countries known for technological advancement in every field. And there, in those countries, the financial entities like banks, NBFCs are also more advanced in comparison to th e similar entities present all over the world and globalization was allowing the organizations to form combination structures horizontally and vertically with them and exploit their technical knowledge for their own benefit, so how could the organizations resist. They took to moving in several combination strategies to take benefit of the same. Now, next the complementary increase in the capabilities of Internet had also been a major pace maker of the globalization of financial services. It has dramatically changed the cost and capabilities for marketing, distributing and servicing financial products. Recent innovations in communications and information technology have resulted in a reduction in diseconomies of scale associated with business costs faced by financial institutions contemplating geographic expansion. To add up the ATM networks and banking websites now enabled efficient long-distance interactions between institutions and their customers. Now the customers didnt even hav e to move the branches of the banks for various purposes. They could rather get there work done from any place of their choice. This has made customers become too dependent on their newfound ability to conduct boundary-less financial transactions on a continuous basis. The situation got intense to the level that businesses which were not technologically connected ultimately lost their entire market share to the competitors.The ones that took most advantage of this internet wave were the multinationals. Because when there were no boundaries, the financial sector could easily sweep to countries that were not developed as their native countries. These were particularly Asian and Middle East Countries. There internet had not reached or if had reached, wasnt been used that effectively in European Countries. And when the European Union Financial Sectors targeted these economies they knew well, there was no back turn. These nations had funds, resources which were not effectively mobilized. Globalization gave them that spirit. And the multinational financial services keen to exploit opportunities proved additional lit to the flame. Now the multinational group used internet to reach the customers of these countries. It was when their native financial services providers were not providing any such services. This made the financial services users to start choosing multinational brand financial service providers over their home service providers. Thus, adding up to their advantage and profitability. This way the internet also provided a drive to the globalization of financial services.Now, this thrift of internet making globalization opportunities more attractive, and then the baits of hiring techno-efficient people, getting to ride on technologies of advanced similar finance service providers added to the drive towards globalization.(Ref: Nicolas Pologeorgis, TF Dapp, Eric K. Clemons and Lorin M. Hitt) 3. Competitive Drivers - Nicolas in his article says An additional driving force for financial service firms' geographic diversification has been the proliferation of corporate combination strategies such as mergers, acquisitions, strategic alliances and outsourcing. While these combination strategies allowed the organization to improve the level of their efficiency within the industry. It also provided them an opportunity to enter the financial markets of other countries. They could even make a voluntary exit through the back door of divesting their share in these combined organizations. Apart it gave them a look of native, for those service users who preferred their own national services over others. Then these Consolidation strategies further empowered the firms to capitalize on economies of scale and focus on lowering their unit production costs.Then when your competitor is joining the wave of globalization, how could other organizations leave the flow. Many financial sector busi nesses jumped into the globalization drive just because their competitors had and they in no way could accept lacking behind. Apart, due to globalization, when the financial sector of UK visualized that several cross country organizations were trying hard to enter their nations and exploit the advantages of the United Kingdoms Financial Sector, they also could cite several benefits available to financial service providers across the world. And then this view and those others explained above competitive drivers add up to the drive of globalization.(Ref: F. Braggion, M.Haynes, J. Ashton, M.Jayadev)4. Market Drivers - apart from the above defined, there were market drivers that paced the level of globalization in the financial sector of UK. The financial organizations of UK had already explored every nook of financial services that could be provided in the country. Now they could expand to other countries and exploit the financial markets of those places. And with their efficiency they were unperturbed that they could take the advantage. This foresight act as a market driver for the financial sector going global5. Cost Drivers- Then there had also been cost drivers. When the financial sector organization move to other nations they get the resources there as gifts. Many times the native industries cannot take that level advantage of the resources and opportunities in their own country. And thats because they are nave in the field while the multinational firms own experience. Also in the other Asian and African countries the cost for almost everything is less than the cost of the same product in Britain. This cost drivers also allowed to the charm of globalization for the financial sector.(Ref: Martin Wolf, Dr. Madsen Pirie, Robyn Meredith and Suzanne Hoppough)Thus the above factors have been the reason which the financial sector paced up so fast in the ride of globalization. Impacts of Globalization on Financial Sector- 1. Introduction of New Technologies- Globalization has brought with itself new technologies. Before globalization there were certain efficient technocrat countries which excelled in technology and then there were other countries that were backward in terms of technology. Then there were some technologies that hadnt even been utilized. Globalization revolutionized both. Now no country is left without efficient technology. And particularly the financial sector of now almost every country utilizes technology.Then there are also several new technologies like those involving ATM, truncated cards and cheques which got evolved just because of globalization. When the techno-efficient minds from all over the world came together, then only they could device so many new technologies and systems. And they could come together only because of globalization. And now the new technologies defined and designed by them are shaping the financial sector not only in UK but throughout the world.2. Increase d Competition, resulting in better services -It is a well known fact that anytime when the economy has multiple producers contending for a clutch of the wealth, thats a good sign for consumers. It is because when there are numerous sellers of the same service, they know they have to compete with each other for each and every consumer. It ultimately increases the quality of goods and services they provide, which is definitely quite beneficial for customers. Because they find several people ready to provide services each better than the other, each providing some additional quality, each trying for their penny and that too at the lowest cost possible, since the lowering of cost is also one of the measure they use to gain customers.So when the financial service providers started to venture across international borders, they knew well that already there were established service providers. To take their market share, they had no other option then to present top notch facilities and new t echnologies. And therefore they incorporated them in their services. Now due to that their financial services demand rose. It ultimately made the native companies too to raise the standard level of services they were providing. Thus now a consumer had a competitive market that could provide him the best services in the world. That way the globalization leads to increase in the level of competition and in turn better services to the customers.(Ref: Impact of Globalization, Definition of Comparative advantage, Effects of globalization on the UK economy, Why globalization matters, Don McCubbrey, Andy Rao, K.Ellis, N Bloom) 2. Personal Reflection It is never like that if something is shaping the world, it wont shape the life of a common individual. Similarly when the globalization has turned the world upside down, it also affects people like me. Due to globalization in the financial sector, consumers like us have the advantage to choose from numerous competitive organizations that are providing top notch facilities. Then the efficiency of the products and services has also risen. While earlier I had to call a customer executive cell at least thrice to get connected to the person, now I can get my query or complaint, whatever it is, registered in one call. Then, earlier I had to go to the bank branch to secure payment from my account now I can collect it anywhere, since the ATMs are now scattered all over. Apart earlier whenever I had to move out, I had to carry hard currency. But now just a debit or credit card is sufficient. Thats just because globalization had made almost every service techno-efficient.Apart due to globaliz ation, now a commoner like me can take education or grade from any university in the world. Even I am not required to go there I can rather take the classes at my home through online class schedule. Now thats not the limit, even I can join any organization worldwide, irrespective of where it is situated. Even I need not care whether the entity I am joining is of UK or any other country.Besides I may choose to be an entrepreneur. And then, can enter any market worldwide. I am independent to choose my workplace where my goods would be manufactured. Then I have the advantage to choose from thousands of financial service providers, all over the world to take necessary funding for my firm. Then if ever I could turn my entrepreneurial business to a company, the organization can now due to globalization issue GDRs throughout the world. Then I am again free to choose where I want to sell my product. I wont have the restriction to sell it ultimately only in my own country. Then if now I want a product thats not available in UK, I can get it exported from the place where they are available. Even if thats a service, unless it requires personal presence it can be delivered at my door step. And when, its a service involving personal presence, I can move to the best place wherever there is the best service provider or wherever the service is provided at the most cheap rate, without any restriction on my movement. The best example of it is people moving to Ecuador for cheap health services and also to US for receiving best health services. Now thats the way globalization has impacted me as an individual. References- 1. RICHARD DAVIES and PETER RICHARDSON, 2010, Evolution of the UK banking system, Quarterly bulletin 2010 Q42. LAZAROWICZ, 2003, Financial Services Industry, United Kingdom Parliament3. Global Financial Centers , 2010, Zyen, Pp-304. SUSAN LUND, TOOS DARUVALA, RICHARD DOOBS, PHILIPP HARLE, JU-HON KWEK and RICARDO FALCON, 2013, Financial Globalization; Retreat or reset?, Insights Publications. viewed on 31 March 2015, https://www.mckinsey.com/insights/global_capital_markets/financial_globalization5. NICOLAS POLOGEORGIS, The Globalization of financial services, viewed on 31 March 2015, https://www.investopedia.com/articles/financial-theory/09/risk-free-rate-return.asp6. TF DAPP, 2014, The digital revolution in the financial sector7. ERIC K. CLEMONS and LORIN M. HITT, 2000, The internet and the future of financial services: Transparency, Differential Pricing and Disintermediation, viewed on 31 March 2015, https://fic.wharton.upenn.edu/fic/papers/00/p0035.html8. F. BRAGGION, 2010, Merger s and acquisitions in financial baking, aea web9. M.HAYNES, Mergers and Market share: evidence from the UK Financial Market 10. J. ASHTON, 2007, Efficiency and Price Effects of Horizontal Bank Mergers 11. M.JAYADEV, Mergers in Indian Banking, University of Birmingham12. MARTIN WOLF, 2004, Why Globalization Works, New Haven, Yale University Press13. Dr. MADSEN PIRIE, 2012, Ten very good things, 9:Globalization, viewed on 31 March 2015, https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/international/ten-very-good-things-9-globalization/14. ROBYN MEREDITH and SUZANNE HOPPOUGH, 2007, Why globalization is good, viewed on 31 March 2015, https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2007/0416/064.html15. Impact of Globalization, Careerride.com, viewed on 31 March 2015, https://www.careerride.com/GD-impact-of-globalization.aspx16. Definition of Comparative advantage, Economics Help, viewed on 31 March 2015, https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/glossary/comparative-advantage/17. Effects of globalization on the UK economy, Econo mics Help, viewed on 31 March 2015, https://www.economicshelp.org/trade/globalisation_uk_economy/18. Why globalization matters, BRI, viewed on 31 March 2015, https://briworldwide.com/why-globalization-matters/19. DON MC CUBBREY, 2014, Negative and positive effects of globalization for developing country business, viewed on 31 March 2015, https://www.boundless.com/users/235420/textbooks/business-fundamentals/international-business-for-the-entrepreneur-14/globalization-opportunities-and-threats-to-developing-country-business-55/negative-and-positive-effects-of-globalization-for-developing-country-business-253-15556/20. ANDY RAO, 2013, 4 positive impacts of globalization on world economy, viewed on 31 March 2015, https://www.kstatecollegian.com/2013/05/07/4-positive-impacts-of-globalization-on-world-economy/21. K.ELLIS, The Economic Impact of Globalization 22. N BLOOM, 2010, The impact of globalization on management quality

Advantages and Disadvantages of Formalization

Red Cross Involvement in WWII essays

Red Cross Involvement in WWII essays Red Cross Involvement The Red Cross is a group organization, which consists mostly of volunteers that help the needy and the hurt. In the beginning of World War II, when it was just announced that we were at war with the Japanese the doors of the Red Cross opened to thousands of new volunteers that wanted to help the American soldiers. To ease the discomfort of civilians being drafted, the Red Cr0oss decide to turn towards social workers and recreational specialists. (Comptons Interactive Encyl.) The Red Cross helped keep Americans calm during this war but soon, the Cold War Era began and made it difficult to work with. The American Red Cross successfully met the challenges of war and peace as it established a blood program. (Comptons Interactive Encyl.) This blood program was requested by the U.S. Army and Navy. During the four-year period, starting at 1941 in New York City, 6.6 million donors gave blood to help their soldiers. As the blood donors increased during the war, new centers opened and Army and Navy asked the Red Cross for greater amounts of blood. (Comptons Interactive Encyl.) The Red Cross also helped refugees reunite with their familys already living in the U.S. by setting up posts where you could look for names of the loved ones you are missing and see if they have made it back to the U.S. Many youths were in need of clothes and food so the Red Cross supplied what they could from the donations they received to the young people in need. The Nurses Aide Corps was an only volunteer organization to help meet the emergency needs of the civilian population. It played a significant role in building up community health defense during a time when there was a shortage of nurses and medical personnel. (Comptons Interactive Encyl.) Before the attack on Pearl Harbor the Red Cross practiced emergency calls so the ...

Triceratops Trail, CSM Geology Museum, and Dinosaur Ridge Essay

Triceratops Trail, CSM Geology Museum, and Dinosaur Ridge - Essay Example The triceratops trail footprints are different from the Dinosaur Ridge ones in that the ones for Dinosaur Ridge are aged million and are viewed from top. Triceratops Trail characterize tracks that are vied in three dimension formed if an animal leaves a print in mud that is afterwards filled hence forms a cast and vertically tilted by the rocky mountains uplift. The whole process leaves behind tracks that stick from the walls as the original layer had been mined away. Footprints of dinosaurs, birds, mammals and beetles are evident on the walls. It is a trail of 1.5 mile along parkway of Alameda between county road and Rooney road on the North. It has 100 tracks of dinosaurs, geological features and a quarry containing dinosaur bones. It takes about 2 hours to make trips. The trail is composed of more than 15 sites all marked by interpretive signs. At the ridge’s top there is a switchback curve that cuts through revealing the geological Hogback structure. Two overlooks scenes, west and east, are places where Front Range geology is studied or where one can sit and enjoy a beautiful scene. The interpretive signs on the curve show the gas and oil production, the basin of Denver, rocky mountains uplift and Golden fault. The bone quarry was discovered in the year 1877 by a company known as Arthur Lakes. This site was initially known as Morrison quarry no 5. Among the fourteen sites in the location only 4 did produce bones. Quarry no 5 is the bone quarry where the first stegosaurus in the world was discovered. Many vertebrae, limb parts and famous plates’ pieces were discovered and are now evident on Morrison museum display. The bones that are presently exposed at their sites of interpretation are most probably from Apatosaurus and stegosaurs and are washed by rain into stream channel. The bone quarry is amongst the few places where one can have a view of dinosaur bones and touch them in rocks in which they fossilized. The

A journal article critique in the family health area - 1

A journal critique in the family health area - Article Example The author employed the methods correctly since all the results indicated that chiropractic care produced positive results that improved the quality of life. However, there might be error in the research, since the author assumes that those who do not get chiropractic care do not get other health services, but in reality they could be receiving other health care in different forms. The evidence in support of the topic can be the 1992 research where people who received chiropractic care had a higher immunity than the average population or cancer patients. Dr. Petro states that chiropractic health care imparts maximum efficiency to whatever genetic makeup one may be possessing, while in the 2005 research, the study indicates that chiropractic health care determines normal physiological process which influence DNA repair and oxidative stress. This implies that subluxations removal has a positive influence on health. The strength of the evidence can be that chiropractic care has positive results on the immune system and can be recommended for quality life, while the weakness can be that those who got chiropractic care may have lived in the same environment which favored the practice or have specific biological background. The author supported the topic by explaining that the immune and nervous system were connected, and therefore manipulating the nervous system would produce a result, which in this case is chiropractic care which has positive results on the immune system. Other authors have conducted chiropractic research. They include shekelle et al (1992) and they concluded that manipulation of the spine fastens recovery from minor low back pains, after literature review on 25 trials. Van Tudler, Bouter and Koes in Netherlands found superior evidence for efficiency of manipulating the spine for chronic back pain. Bronfort (1999) conducted a review and found short term capacity

A Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free

A Christmas Carol Essay Charles Dickens writing has had a colossal influence on millions of people by using what Victorian London and major cities of time were like. Through his novels he campaigned for the poor. Charles Dickens childhood was blighted by his fathers financial problems but by the end he was lecturing about his works to large and enthusiastic audiences. Driven by a need to separate himself from early poverty and by a desire to help those children who were as poor as he had been. Charles Dickens was born on Friday, February 7th 1812 at No. 1 Mile End Terrace, Landport; when the Industrial Revolution was gathering pace. As Charles Dickens grew up many large family groups living in villages were breaking up and moving to towns either singly or as nuclear families. Perhaps Dickens had a fear of the breaking up of the family group in the changing times. The bond of the family is shown for example when the Cratchits gather at Christmas; phrases like Bob hugged his daughter to his hearts content. are used. At age of 12 Dickens was removed from school and sent to work in a boot-blacking factory earning six shillings a week to help support the family. Charles considered the period to be the most terrible time in his life and would later write that he wondered how I could have been so easily cast away at such an age despair in his tone. This childhood poverty could have been an enormous influence on Dickens later views on social reform and the world he created through his novels. Dickens emphasised the big difference between family life and those who lived alone. He seems to try and show that happy people live in families for example this is shown when Mrs. Crachit greets Martha with obverse joy. Why bless your heart alive, my dear, how late you are. He suggests that sad people live alone. He starts the book A Christmas Carol with death Marley was dead. This is a grim start. He shows Scrooge as the sole executor, administrator, assign, legatee, friend and mourner. He also adds about the death of Hamlets father to increase the gloom. The book starts by pouring on the solitude and gloom of scrooges situation with the absence of a families love. Charles Dickens chose the Christmas time of year because it is a family time where many families split up by work join together to see and rejoice with one another. In the novel the Christmas season and children the families are linked to one another. The first cheerful words are from the Christmas greetings from Scrooges nephew cried a cheerful voice. This is followed by an argument of the value of Christmas between the Nephew and Scrooge. Scrooge talks of boiling people who like Christmas in their own pudding. Scrooges nephew then argues how much a good thing Christmas is I believe that it has done me good Scrooges nephew believes Christmas even though an expensive time for the rich is a good time for the poor families in the major cities of the time and gives Scrooges nephew a happy feeling of what goes on at Christmas. A few pages deeper into stave 2 Scrooge is taken back to his childhood by the Ghost of Christmas Past and sees all of his childhood friends and remembers the road they are on. The Ghost asks if Scrooge recollects where they are and Scrooges reply is a surprise I could walk it blindfold said Scrooge strange to have forgotten it for so many years! Replied the Spirit Scrooge had blocked out his childhood because it was a sad and poor time for him. Scrooge was seeing these boys were in great spirits. This implies that children represent joy and have appreciation for life making everything happy. Scrooge was thinking that he had watched these boys but had never been one himself. He was the solitary child, neglected by his friends. The importance and affection of families is shown when his sister takes him home. Also the joy of children is shown. As she is bending down to laugh she talks of, home being quote homes like heaven. An important figure in the story is his sister a child who Scrooge has affection for in his memory, this laughter pops up again. To hear Scrooge expending all the earnestness of his nature would have been a surprise to his business friends. Suddenly emotions are pouring out of Scrooge and he is excited because his inner child has had a slight play. Skipping to stave 3 and Tiny Tim who is a small boy with the power of delivering the message of Jesus. God bless us everyone. The picture of Tiny Tim greatly affects Scrooge who now sees the prejudice in his opinions. When the Crachit family celebrates Christmas they revel in each others company love and appreciate the things they have. They are unlike the stereotypical Victorian image of the working class commonly held at this period of time. Alas Tiny Tim he bore a little crutch his limbs supported by an Iron Frame Tiny Tim, their small crippled son will die with out the treatment needed. He is a small symbol of society failing to provide for the poor. The picture of Tiny Tim greatly affects Scrooge and he begins to realize how prejudice his opinions really are. The irony of his own words, spoken to him by the Ghost of Christmas Present if he is to die, he had better do it, and decrease the surplus population. Children are yet again used to show social problems in society. A boy and girl called Ignorance and Want are used to show the problems they were wretched, abject, frightful, hideous, miserable Scrooge is also shocked by the sight of Ignorance and Want, two children so named because of the treatment they received from society. Dickens is speaking to the reader at this point. Society is ignorant of the peoples needs. People are in want of basic supplies of food and drink, clothing and shelter. One example of this change in Scrooge is when he realises Tiny Tim has died. Tell me what man that was whom we saw lying dead? This then leads to a demonstration by the spirit of Christmas yet to come of Scrooges own death, this part of the text increases Scrooges realization of the significance of Tiny Tims death. Throughout the story, Scrooge has numerous warnings of his future from the people he meets, his nephew, Marley, the spirits, Belle etc. Although from the beginning of his acquaintance with the first Ghost, Scrooges gradual change is clearly perceptible, it is the spectacle of his own death, which makes him realize he must change his ways. On Christmas morning Scrooge wakes up and is cheerful. I am as happy as an angel Scrooge has Christmas fever and acts as if he was a child, he becomes generous sending Bob Crachit the prized turkey and promising the boy half a crown for buying the turkey. Does this show the sort of attitude Dickenss wants in society? The end of the novel contrasts well with the beginning. The story has a very typical fairy tale ending and a clear moral to the story. Scrooge has under gone a metamorphosis. Does Scrooges change symbolize the change in society that Dickens wanted?. Tiny Tim will live and so will everyone else, happily ever after. By Thomas Bailey 10CHB English Coursework 5/8/2007.

Kitchen by Banana Yoshimoto Essay -- English Literature Kitchen Essays

Kitchen by Banana Yoshimoto The path of life is not easy. It is scattered with struggles and hurdles which we must overcome. A rose plant is a good metaphor of life; the flower is soft with a pleasant fragrance but the thorns are prickly and hurt us. Likewise, life has good things like laughter, happiness, hope but it also has some things that hurt us, obstruct us. In Banana Yoshimoto’s novella Kitchen, Mikage Sakurai faces quandaries in her life which hinder her. However, she fights them back with hope and determination. She is aided by the Tanabe’s who help her to fight her dilemmas and struggles. Each character displays a sense of optimism, a hope for survival and the determination to fight back. In a greater sense, this rendering gives the reader a moral teaching that despair does not necessarily result in annihilation. They try to tell us that we must not give up in our lives, come what may. They appear as teachers giving us a lesson how to lead our lives. This rendering makes us feel close to them and think of them as our own friends. This makes them interesting and moving. Mikage is a loner. Throughout her life, she has felt separated from others and feels solitude. She says that despite all the love that surrounds us, we are separated by others physically and mentally which makes each one of us separate, alone. She has suffered great losses; she has lost all her family members. However, after moving into the Tanabe’s apartment, she becomes hopeful for a better life. Mikage wonders â€Å"Wrapped in blankets†¦.in the future† on page 16, that maybe she hadn’t wished for all the loneliness, maybe she had been hoping to think about the future. Here, Mikage reveals the fact that she had completely ignored... ...he darkest of moments and in our moments of despair, we must try to laugh and cheer ourselves. It is a way to become optimistic. In conclusion, this story is of great value to any reader because it portrays a real life story. The characters appear very real to us because of their simplicity and unusualness. This makes us endearing to these characters, we feel attached to them, sympathy towards them. Each character contributes to a greater understanding of the definition of life and the way to live. Each character is determined that they would not fail, they would not give up; they would continue to fight on despite any barrier, any resistance. They teach us that death is not the end of despair, there are several others way to live on despite being clouded by darkness and uncertainty. This makes the reader respect the characters and feel close to them.

Nutrition Company Business Plan Essay

Executive summary: Bharat Food Science Nutritionals is a company which is in the market for 30 years and has been providing the highest quality formulations in Nutritional Supplement Industry for both human and animal needs. Main objective is to provide Humans with required nutritional supplements and make them healthier and more productive. It is known that low socio-economics groups just eat enough to survive. Our objective is to include these people to improve their health and make them fit. Our Mission is Nutritious Nation. Our company is committed to providing nutrition to promote maximum fitness and overall better health Our Vision includes in next 10 years is to provide a Healthy India. Helping as many people as we can. â€Å"There should be no selling of a girl due to lack of food.† Our products are so reliable which has lead us to good profits. Now we are developing new strategies to include low socio-economic people. Company summary: Bharat Food Science Nutritionals, for over 30 years our company has provided the highest quality formulations in the Nutritional Supplement Industry for both human and animal needs. We do research, develop, manufacture and distribute a variety of dietary supplements, protein bars, soups, meals, fiber drinks and fortified beverages. Our company has a base of products for the Vitamin/Nutrition, and Pharmaceutical industries. The diverse product line contains many â€Å"value-added† granulations and custom formulations. Baby foods formulated to supplement your baby’s diet. Our patented, GRAS-designated ingredients are designed for the nutritional supplement, functional food and beverage, cosmetic and animal nutrition market. Our employees are dedicated to an unmatched commitment of quality and service for every product we produce. High level of supervision goes into the production process. Our products provide the most effective dietary supplements to promote maximum fitness and overall better health. WHO recognizes that poverty, social inequality and the lack of education are the root causes of malnutrition and stresses that improvements in human welfare, including nutritional well-being, must be at the center of social and economic development efforts. To help low socio economic groups, we have determined to work together to eliminate hunger and all forms of malnutrition. Main objectives include * Famine and famine-related deaths; * Starvation and nutritional deficiency diseases in communities affected by natural and man-made disasters; * Iodine and vitamin A deficiencies; * Water supply for irrigation. We also pledged to reduce substantially: * Starvation and widespread chronic hunger; * Under nutrition, especially among children, women and the aged; * Other important micronutrient deficiencies, including iron; * Diet-related communicable and non-communicable diseases; * Social and other impediments to optimal breast-feeding; * Inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene, including unsafe drinking water. We took a large portion of our profit to start these programs. Selected volunteers will educate the people about the importance of nutrition and proper food intake. Pregnant ladies are supervised and informed about their special nutrition requirements; we provide free samples of iron, iodine and vitamins for this category of females. Explaining the importance of breast feeding will encourage the children feeding on breast milk to be immune to diseases in a natural way. Saving the rain water is very much important for irrigation. Amartyasen , a well-known Economist who needs no introduction says that â€Å"There is enough food available for everyone but the ability to buy food is lacking† Hence we also want to create opportunities to raise their income. As most of the rural people are based on agriculture, we focus on development of agriculture as well. Teaching villagers the techniques to save rain water and usage of optimal ground water will help them in agricultural purposes. Our company has tie-ups with Agro-seeds Company. They provide high yielding variety of seeds. We will provide these seeds at subsidized rates to the farmers so that they can get high yielding crops and good income. â€Å"JEENA† is the name of the program in which we have included all these activities. Jeena basically focuses on improving the health and fitness of low socio-economic individuals and thereby improving their wellbeing. Customer identification is the primary setup. Since urban people are now being educated and know the importance of nutrition, our products are gaining importance. We market our products to all locations. And especially to doctors, they prescribe the drugs to the required people. But in rural areas and people with low income it is difficult to find customers. Hence by giving our products at subsidized rates will encourage the low income individuals to take nutrition supplements. Creating the awareness about the problems faced because of malnutrition will encourage everyone to consume the nutritious diet. There are many questions which are unaddressed in regard to the approach. They can be potential risks involved in the business. Risks may be categorized as Threats, this can be from political view or catastrophic (e.g. Natural disaster or critical public infrastructure failures) or climate changes. Other risk is it can be vulnerable i.e. chances of undesirable outcome. Though our products are approved by FDA, few people with other diseases may not find it suitable for them, especially animal products. Finding sufficient number of volunteers to go and create awareness is another challenge. To see the Change it takes cost and time as the variables. In places like Ramnad, water lords may restrict our activities. People may not behave as expected and it is difficult to judge their behavior. As per poor economics, low income individuals are not willing to spend more on food even if their salary increases. Such unpredictable human nature may hinder the plan. To mitigate the risk, our risk management system is aiming to address the uncertainty in the market place. They create controls and countermeasures to minimize or eliminate the disruption, loss or damage to business operations and shorten recovery time from unwanted event and thereby reducing its impact on business. Taking the help of surveys and questionnaires will help us to know the loopholes in our process. Educating people will solve most of the unwanted probability of our program being successful. Marketing our products to the remote locations will increase its demand and it will be easily accepted by low socio economic groups. To avoid the side effects, we do preliminary health diagnosis of the person and give the appropriate supplements. Making profit is not our motto but we do have profits. We have huge profits in the commercial business. A big portion of it goes to help the low socio-economic people. Apart from that we follow a scheme in which we made all our customers and people in villages who are being benefitted by us to involve in a scheme under â€Å"Jeena†, in which each person pays a small token of money. All this money is in turn used for their own benefit. People taking nutritious food indicates that they are more tall and healthy who have more production. More productivity leads to higher profits. There are few short-term and long-term plans in our plan. But our program of â€Å"Jeena† will definitely make big difference in near future.

Discover Amazing Manta Ray Facts

Manta rays are the largest rays in the world. There are at least two species of mantas. Manta birostris is the giant oceanic manta and Manta alfredi is the reef manta. Their appearance is similar and the range of the two species overlaps, but the giant manta is more often found on the open ocean while the reef manta visits shallower, coastal waters. Fast Facts: Manta Ray Scientific Name: Manta sp.Other Names: Devil ray, Giant manta, Mobula sp.Distinguishing Features: Massive ray with a triangular shape, cavernous mouth, and paddle-shaped lobes in front of its mouthAverage Size: 7 meters (M. birostris); 5.5 m (M. alfredi)Diet: Carnivorous filter feederLifespan: Up to 50 yearsHabitat: Tropical and subtropical oceans worldwideConservation Status: Vulnerable (Population Decreasing)Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ChondrichthyesSubclass: ElasmobranchiiOrder: MyliobatiformesFamily: MobulidaeFun Fact: Mantas regularly visit reef cleaning stations to have external parasites removed. Description The name manta means mantle or cloak, which is an accurate description of the animals form. Manta rays have triangular pectoral fins, broad heads, and gill slits on their ventral surfaces. Their horn-shaped cephalic fins have earned them the nickname devil ray. Both species of ray have small, square teeth. The species differ in the structure of their dermal denticles, color patterns, and tooth patterns. Most mantas are black or dark-colored on top with marked shoulders and pale undersides. The ventral surface may have distinctive dark marks. All-black animals also occur. M. birostris has a spine near its dorsal fin, but it is incapable of stinging. M. birostris reaches 7 m (23 ft) in width, while M. alfredi reaches 5.5 m (18 ft) in width. A large manta can weight up to 1350 kg (2980 lb). Manta rays must move forward to pass oxygenated water over their gills. The fish swim basically by flapping their pectoral fins and flying underwater. Despite their large size, mantas frequently breach into air. The fish have one of the highest brain-to-body mass ratios and are believed to be highly intelligent. Manta rays must swim forward to breathe. Gregory Sweeney / Getty Images Distribution Manta rays live in the tropical and subtropical oceans around the world. They have been seen as far north as North Carolina in the United States (31Â °N)Â  and as far south as New Zealand (36Â °S), although they only venture into temperate seas when the water temperature is at least 20 Â °C (68 Â °F). Both species are pelagic, found mainly in the open ocean. They are common in coastal waters from spring to fall. They migrate as far as 1000 km (620 mi) and occur at depths ranging from sea level down to 1000 m (3300 ft). During the day, manta rays swim near the surface. At night, they venture deeper. Manta ray distribution. maplab Diet Manta rays are carnivorous filter feeders that prey upon zooplankton, including krill, shrimp, and crab larvae. Mantas hunt by sight and smell. A manta herds its prey by swimming around it so the current collects the plankton. Then, the ray speeds through the ball of food with a wide-open mouth. The cephalic fins channel particles into the mouth, while the gill arches collect them. Predators Killer whales and large sharks prey upon mantas. Cookie cutter sharks, which take round cookie-shaped bites from their prey, can inflict potentially fatal damage. Rays are susceptible to a variety of parasites. They routinely visit reef cleaning stations for wound cleaning and ectoparasite removal. The ability of each fish to revisit cleaning stations is considered evidence manta rays construct mental maps of their surroundings. Reproduction Mating occurs at different times of the year and depends on the mantas geographic location. Courtship appears to involve fish swimming in trains, often during the full moon. During mating, the male almost always grasps the females left pectoral fin. He then turns so the two are belly-to-belly and inserts a clasper into her cloaca. Gestation is believed to take 12 to 13 months. The egg cases hatch inside the female. Eventually, one to two pups emerge. Females usually give birth every two years. Males mature when they are younger and smaller than females. Females usually mature around 8 to 10 years of age. Mantas may live up to 50 years in the wild. Manta Rays and Humans Historically, manta rays were worshipped or feared. It wasnt until 1978 that divers demonstrated the animals were gentle and would interact with humans. Today, some of the best success protecting manta rays has come from ecotourism. Fishing a manta for its meat, skin, or for gill rakers for Chinese traditional medicine can earn hundred of dollars. However, each ray can bring in $1 million in tourism dollars over its lifetime. Scuba divers are most likely to encounter the great fish, but tourism in the Bahamas, Hawaii, Indonesia, Australia, Spain, and other countries makes it possible for anyone to view mantas. While the rays are not aggressive, care must be taken to avoid touching the fish because disrupting its mucous layer makes it susceptible to injury and infection. Mantas are not aggressive toward humans. James R.D. Scott / Getty Images Conservation Status The IUCN Red List classifies both M. alfredi and M. birostris as vulnerable with an elevated risk of extinction. While mantas are protected by many countries, their numbers are declining because of migration through unprotected waters, overfishing, bycatch, entanglement in fishing gear, ingestion of microplastics, water pollution, boat collisions, and climate change. Local populations face a severe threat because there is little interaction between subpopulations. Because of the fishs low reproductive rate, its unlikely mantas in unprotected areas can recover, particularly from overfishing. However, a few public aquariums are large enough to house manta rays. These include the Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta, the Atlantis Resort in the Bahamas, and the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium in Japan. The aquarium in Okinawa has successfully birthed manta rays in captivity. Sources Ebert, David A. (2003). Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras of California. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23484-0.Marshall, A. D.; Bennett, M. B. (2010). Reproductive ecology of the reef manta ray Manta alfredi in southern Mozambique. Journal of Fish Biology. 77 (1): 185–186. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02669.xParsons, Ray (2006). Sharks, Skates, and Rays of the Gulf of Mexico: A Field Guide. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-60473-766-0.White, W. T.; Giles, J.; Dharmadi; Potter, I. (2006). Data on the bycatch fishery and reproductive biology of mobulid rays (Myliobatiformes) in Indonesia. Fisheries Research. 82 (1–3): 65–73. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2006.08.008

Customer Cost, Quality And Time Specifications Are Met

1 - Describe how you can ensure customer cost, quality and time specifications are met. Answer: Customer cost, Quality, and time are three components that add value to the product/services at Swaggies. Value of products/services associated with the process, system or service and relies on the organization’s capability to meet the cost, time and quality provisions of the customer. †¢ Quality: Swaggies customers expect to receive high-quality goods or service, therefore Quality of Products at Swaggies always mention characteristics of product, its ability to satisfy the purpose for which it was made. They always receive correct and clear descriptions and assembly instructions with the product. †¢ Cost: Swaggies customers expect to receive the cost of the product/services parallel to its quality therefore, cost of the Swaggies products/services always correspond with its quality. They fulfill the customer expectation of realistic and competitive prices, correct pricing information in comparison with market. †¢ Time: Swaggies customers expect the products/services delivered on time, therefore Customers receive the Swaggies products/services on time with additional services like a reminder that their product has been dispatched for delivery. Also confirmation of delivery once it is delivered. Key to meet the requirements of quality, cost and time at Swaggies is to †¢ Manage the promises †¢ Understand and fulfill the customers’ expectations of products/services †¢ Never doShow MoreRelatedQuestions On The Essential Software Requirement1424 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 1 - The Essential Software Requirement The IEEE definitions of requirement: A condition or capability that must be met or possessed by a system or system component to satisfy a contract, standard, specification, or other formally imposed document. 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So, what priorities are used within the operation strategy? How will the operation strategy add value for the customer? What trends affect operation strategy decisions? In order to achieve operation strategy across the organization, the company has to continue to bring in crossRead MoreCost, Quality, And Timing939 Words   |  4 Pagesdetails about cost, quality, and timing is presented and usually several contractors make an offer. Then a contractor (or more than a contractor based on project requirements) is selected to accomplish the site construction. Usually the cheapest offer wins; of course there might be considerations of quality. 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Although entering into a contract with Marton puts forth the issue of whether or not product quality would rival that of Dollard, quality can be monitored and controlled through engaging De Havilland’s stakeholders to conduct vendor management, including a full review of Marton’s fabrication facilities, as well as engaging in customer-supplier relationship meetings on a quarterly basis. Issues Identification De Havilland is faced with the issue of determiningRead MoreKey Result Areas1441 Words   |  6 Pagesimprove their time/work management †¢ Make value-added decisions †¢ Clarify roles of department or individual †¢ Focus on results rather than activities †¢ Align their roles to the organization’s business or strategic plan †¢ Communicate their role’s purposes to others The major key result areas in food and beverage management include employees, service, quality customers, income, productivity and assets Impoving employee performance Ensure all employees attend meetings aimed at improving customer satisfactionRead MoreProcurement Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pagescontract management was handled in terms of each business unit. The staff would procure their requirements in isolation of their colleagues in other business areas and hence was not operating efficiently and nor was this practice resulting in maximising cost saving. With a few exceptions mostly was owned individually by the business units spread across India and in Manila and Philippines.(IBM 2004) Identifying a need for Change in Procurement Processes The identification was not a difficult issue

A Brief Note On Pollock s Ethical Dilemma And Decisions

As history has provided us facts showing that with great power also comes great responsibility. The great power part has not been as considerable of a problem as the great responsibility has because as police officers start off at the academy, they quickly recognize the authority they will shortly have. The past and known data has revealed to us that a lot of these officers do demonstrate great control and responsibility, but there is a fraction of officers who are corrupt in many sorts of ways that have conveyed inspection and absence of faith in law enforcement all over America. Thankfully, these actions have consequences and the law makes sure that these corrupt public servants get the punishment they deserve. In Joycelyn M. Pollock’s Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice, she quotes that police corruption is â€Å"acting on opportunities created by virtue of one s authority, for personal gain at the expense of the public one is authorized to serve (Cohen, 1986). Some examples of corruption that Barker (1994) have listed are: corruption of authority (gratuities), kickbacks, opportunistic theft, shakedowns, protection of illegal activities, fixes (quashing tickets), direct criminal activities, and internal payoffs. Fyfe and Kane (2006) argue the case that in some situations when police officers commit crime, it can’t be called corruption if the criminal act is being committed off duty. They are just criminals who happen to be cops and being a cop has noShow MoreRelatedManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pageseffects, innovation might not have taken place at all. All this business growth has caused increasing complexity in business action and decision making. It has presented chief executive officers (CEOs) and management leaders in all markets and industries with new intricacies in deciding how to weigh and time the business decisions—and the quality of those decisions—that increasingly challenge their companies’ basic survival. W HICH FACTORS HAVE DRIVEN 3 4 Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum: The

Scientific Management free essay sample

Scientific Management is a system that was originated from Fredrick W. Taylor (1911), which composite analysis of worker’s individual workflow and their labour productivity. The main purpose of this theory is to maximize efficiency within organisations to speed up the process of work in the minimum amount of time and cost incurred by the organisation (Ross 2010). Taylor believed that the most efficient way that work could be done was only when workers knew what they were doing and not merely working hard. Scientific Management focuses on four main principles. Firstly, different parts of the task are studied scientifically for a best possible method to achieve and perform it. Secondly, workers are scientifically selected and trained to perform the designated task at their best trained ability. Thirdly, workers and managers will collaborate to ensure the results expected. Lastly, planning and division of work will be divided by managers to workers respectively. There are many examples of Scientific Management in the modern society, of which some includes, car, technology and computer manufacturing plants, hospitals and some of the restaurant (Dharmasiri 2013). We will write a custom essay sample on Scientific Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Foxconn is one of the many manufacturing companies that use Scientific Management in the twenty-first century. In an interview with CNN (2012), a worker said, â€Å"women work like men and work like machines †¦ It’s so boring, I can’t bear it anymore. Everyday was like: I get off from work. It became my daily routine and I almost felt like I was some kind of animal.† When work becomes a routine for workers in a repetitive environment, alienation occurs. From the theory of Durkheim (1893), alienation was producing anomie, which could lead to crime and even suicide. This shows very clearly in the case of Foxconn’s serial suicide cases, that workers do not feel a sense of belonging to the company by the recurrent vicious work cycle. They were also not allowed to voice their opinions and all that was needed was to finish their designated task. This increases disloyalty and decreases employee’s morale, which could indirectly affect the productivity of the company. According to the Hawthorne Studies by Elton Mayo, he  believes that workers should be given the rights to speak up their mind and unhappiness. Even if there were no solutions to it, employees would already feel better as they feel respected and treated like part of the organisation. The workers were working in an overcrowded environment and had salaries that were not equivalently fair to their working hours and the excessive amount of work given (Hays 2008a). When employees have to work long hours, not having enough rest it will lead to unhappiness among them. However, the matter of fact is that huge companies like Apple work with Foxconn because of their ability to produce millions of gadgets (Hays 2008b). This usually results from the Scientific Management style, where higher efficiency from the workers gives a higher revenue input to the company. This theory basically focuses on individual workers whom are scientifically trained for a specialised task (as seen in the 2nd principle of Scientific Management) so that they will be better at it. However, when specialisation occurs, there is a higher tendency of a de-skilled workforce. As stated by theorist, Braverman (1974), when employees only learn responsibilities and skills within their job scope, they tend to lose their level of communication skills and knowledge as they are confined only within their area of mastery. This would narrow down a person’s creativity and absorption of knowledge. It would make it hard for them to switch to another industry because of their limitations. It also remains a fact that many jobs (1.2million) were created for the people, creating higher employments. People wanted to work for Foxconn initially because of the incentives they offered. Founder Terry Gou, believed that incentives such as well furbished dormitories for the employees and a metropolis which has many facilities (Johnson 2011) would attract people to work for them. Fredrick Taylor had a similar approach called the ‘initiative and incentive’ system. He believes that only when employees get incentives, will they take initiative in their work and put their best efforts in. (Freedman 1992) In Foxconn case, there have been a rising number of unhappy employees. In  interviews with The New York Times, most hire in Foxconn last averagely a few months before they quit dejected and depressed. There have been ten of thousands who have already left the company (Barboza 2010). This shows that even the incentives given to them were not justified compared to the amount of workload, mundane and harsh working environment. Taylor believed that money was the main reason for the employee’s motivation and hard work. His theory of â€Å"a fair day’s pay for a fair day’s work† was supported by the higher amount of salaries that was given to employees who achieved more results throughout the day as compared to those who did lesser (Mindtools). According to the Hawthorne Studies by Elton Mayo, it is seen that there has to be social motivating factors and not just monetary incentives. Some of which includes, interpersonal relations between employees and managers. Elton Mayo believes that it is important for co-workers to feel like friends for a better work environment. However, Scientific Management shows the lack of compassion for the employees, as there was not supposed to be communication between them. All that was needed was to finish the task given. Backing up with Mary Follett (1938) theory, she believes that managers should work with employers rather than controlling them. In the 21st century, we are moving towards a postindustrial society where people are generally more educated. Scientific Management would not be feasible in this generation as people have more knowledge and they would not feel convinced to just take instructions blindly. When organisations neglect workers monetary, emotionally and physically needs, all in exchange for achieved end quantity results, there will be a negative impact in the long run. In Foxconn case, although productivity is high, it is directly inproportionate to the happy employees. Scientific Management shows that employers care more about productivity as compared to the happiness of employees. This would discourage workers as they would feel unappreciated and they see no purpose in their stay in the company. When this happens, it demoralises employees and they would lose focus and motivation to work hard for the company. This is clearly shown true by the number of workers who resigned in Foxconn. There are pros and cons to Scientific Management; therefore it would be  biased to discredit it totally. In a world today, transformational management would be the ideal style of management for organisations. The community is moving at a fast pace towards a post-industrial society in the 21st century. The most important thing for any company to do well in the long run is for employees to be in an environment that they feel happy in. When they feel happy, there will be higher motivation for them to want to give their best, which increases their loyalty to the company. It is important for companies to have high efficiency and productivity, however not at the expense of worker’s happiness, health or safety. Organisations should always exercise social responsibility, only when they do so will they get the respect and results expected from their employees. However, due to the nature of the job, it requires fast outputs in the shortest time possible. Workers were then treated like machines, with low labour cost. Most of the large organizations incorporate Scientific Management in their style of work, as it seems like the most efficient way to increase productivity in the fastest possible way. It is seen that Taylor’s Scientific Management theories, which have developed over a century, is still relevant and found within the modern workplaces. Scientific Management free essay sample The research proceeded through five phases: (1) The initial  Illumination studies  (1924[-]27) were aimed at evaluating the effect of lighting conditions on productivity; (2)  the Relay-assembly Room studies  (August 1928[-]March 1929) assessed the effects of pay incentives, rest periods, and active job input on the productivity of five selected woman workers; (3)  the Mica-Splitting Test group  (October 1928[-]September 1930) in which a group of piece-workers were used to corroborate the relative importance of work-group dynamics vs. ay incentives; (4)  the Bank Wiring Observation group  (November 1931[-]May 1932) a covert observational design in which the dynamics of control in a work-group of 14 male employees on the regular factory floor were observed; and (5)  the plantwide Interviewing program  (September 1928[-]early 1931) essentially an attempt by the company to categorize concerns, mitigate grievances, and manipulate employee morale according to the princ iples of social control learned in the previous phases). The latter two phases were interrupted by the detrimental effects of the Great Depression on company production orders, but the interviewing phase was later reinstated as a Personnel Counseling program, and was even expanded throughout the Western Electric company system between 1936[-]1955. We will write a custom essay sample on Scientific Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Hawthorne effect, defined as the tendency under conditions of observation for worker productivity to steadily increase, was discovered during the earliest scientific management phases of the research. It was suggested that when human work relations (ie. supervision and worker camaraderie) were appropriate, adverse physical conditions had little negative effect upon worker productivity. If the company could only learn more about the human relations aspects of the workplace, they might soon be able to utilize them to increase overall plant production. The latter phases of research, therefore, become more sociopsychological in design. MAY0 was the most prominent early popularizer of these studies. His previous industrial psychology work included reducing turnover in a Philadelphia area textile mill by establishing a system of rest periods for workers but he now stressed a ocial relations interpretation of the ongoing Hawthorne research. This portrayal had the eventual disciplinary effect of extending the purview of industrial testing beyond the previous individualized placement of workers toward the wider realm of manipulation of work-place relationships. Mayo’s account is altogether more programmatic than the guarded comments of WHITEHEAD or of ROETHLISBERGER and DICKSON in their official company research report (where more of the messy empirical details of the early phases of research were presented). All three sources, however, intentionally portray the Harvard Business School researchers as equally benevolent toward worker and company interests. The standard portrayal of wholehearted cooperation between the workers and supervisors in the latter phases of research came under sharp attack from industrial sociologists from 1937 onward including: GILSON; LYND; MILLS; LANDSBERGER. It was BARITZ, however, who popularized the notion that industrial researchers were inevitably servants of power. The counseling phase of research in particular was designed to apply the listening techniques of the Catholic confessional and the psychiatric couch (p. 116) with the aim of adjusting people to situations (rather than alleviating those situations from the workplace). An attempt at disciplinary damage control was then published by DICKSON and ROETHLISBERGER. A more convincing counter argument can be gained from other sources. Baritz clearly overstated his argument. Early 20th century immigrant workers were not simply hapless victims of capitalism. They used the limited opportunities presented by the industrial workplace to create their own conditions for the further development of their sub-cultures. ALTHENBAUGH; BERNSTEIN; SUSMAN; NELSON-ROWE all indicate that these self-made conditions included such features as parochial schools, organized labor unions, and even labor colleges. GILLESPIE follows up this line of historical reasoning by placing the Hawthorne research into the context of the rise of labor unions. The Hawthorne subject pool did not mindlessly  react  to industrial management techniques nor did they simply  adjust  or  adapt  to the less than subtle contingencies of social relations experiments. They recognized these contingencies for what they were: New company attempts to increase overall production and control union sentiment. HOGAN; WEISS indicate that transplanted peasant culture which emphasized family collectivism, religious devotion, and attitudes toward the value of work and formal education likely affected workplace relations as much as any company-based program. Whereas scientific management  decorticated  workers, and the mental testing tradition  individualized  workers, social relations research portrayed workers as ruled by a  sentiment of interpersonal irrationality. This was, of course, an improvement; but not much of an improvement. BRAMEL FRIEND caution modern researchers to bare in mind that the results of industrial research can not be fully understood by mere appeal to subject expectancy effects, nor even to contextualized social work group relations. They must be understood in the wider, shifting, societal-historical context of management-union relations. ******************************************************************************** EVERYONE NEEDS TO BE RECOGNISED: Improve driver behaviour just by paying attention to them Let’s face it; human beings are creatures of habit, cultivating unique behaviour patterns over time, some good, others bad. Whether it’s how we speak, sit, eat or drive, humans develop what physiologists call ‘muscle memory’, where the brain and body orchestrate automated responses to everyday situations, commonly known as ‘habits’. The Hawthorne Effect Back in the late 1920s, an American psychology professor called Elton Mayo began a series of experiments at the Western Electric Hawthorne Works in Chicago to determine the link between working conditions and productivity. Initially, Mayo wanted to determine the effect fatigue and monotony had on job productivity. To do this, he separated a group of employees from the rest of the assembly line and subjected them to a number of different tests involving changes in their working environment, like rest breaks, work hours, lighting, temperature and humidity. He placed a supervisor on site to monitor the employees. This person, who informed the test group of all forthcoming changes in their work situation, was regarded as a benign observer, rather than a strict disciplinarian [or spy] by the workers. As the experiments progressed, Mayo discovered that productivity amongst the test group increased considerably and he came to the conclusion that simply by being proactively and individually monitored by management, employees performed better. He, in effect, uncovered a profound truth about the way human beings perform at work, specifically, â€Å"The need for recognition, security and sense of belonging is more important in determining workers morale and productivity than the physical conditions under which he works. † Drive-Report’s Hawthorne Effect The life of a professional truck or bus driver can be lonely one, characterised by long working hours on monotonous stretches of highway. Because drivers are away from the ‘head office’ most of the time, it is difficult for management to get to know each and every driver’s professional aptitude, let alone his or her personal circumstances. It’s not hard to see why so many South African professional drivers feel like nothing more than a number on the payroll. For Prof Mayo, professional drivers would no doubt make ideal test cases. With Drive Report stickers posted on fleet vehicles, supported by regular and constructive management intervention using the Drive Report driver profiling services, the Hawthorne Effect is unlocked. By involving drivers in the Drive Report behavioural analysis process, fleet managers and driver trainers express a genuine concern for the driver, based on issues of improved safety and skills development, effectively making the driver feel ‘part of the team’, and a valuable one at that. Once drivers embrace the notion that Drive Report is an ‘on-going improvement tool’ employed to help them [rather than a ‘policing’ tool], they consciously strive to drive better, rectifying bad driving habits by replacing them with all the ‘best driving practices’ taught to them by their driver trainer. Bottom line The Drive Report system is specifically designed to improve driver efficiency. By proactively using the data generated by Drive Report for coaching purposes, fleet managers unleash the power of the Hawthorne Effect, boosting driver job satisfaction and professionalism, yielding financial benefits such as reduced fuel and maintenance costs while enhancing on-road safety. If these monetary gains are passed on to the driver as part of an incentive programme, a truly holistic win-win situation is created. /****************** re you looking for ways to motivate your team? Lets look at a principle called the Hawthorne Effect. In the 1920s, Elton Mayo, an Harvard University professor, started research at the Western Electric Companys Hawthorne plant in Cicero, Chicago. Mayo conducted behavioral research and was considered the founding father of industrial psychology. Mayos research showed that workers are motivated more by emotional rather than economic factors. Examples would be active involvement in changes and decisions which results in employees taking more ownership and gave them a feeling of importance. This approach resulted in a greater impact when compared to improvements in workplace conditions or more pay. Mayo also laid the foundations for later gurus, notably Herzberg (Motivation and Hygiene Factors), Maslow (Hierarchy of Needs), McGregor (XY Theory) and with Peters and Waterman (In Search of Excellence). During the 10-year study Mayo conducted research with 20,000 Western Electric employees that included a team of Harvard scientists and up to 100 investigators. This massive ten-year program grew from the initial experiment that began by improving the lighting to determine the effect on workers motivation and productivity. They found positive results, but productivity also increased in the control group of workers where conditions were unchanged, except that they were informed they were part of the study. Mayos work was perhaps the earliest significant demonstration that that took a look at factors that impact people in their workplace. Today, consider how can you use the Hawthorne Effect, and the results of the research from the 20s to help yourbusiness. Remember, people are mainly motivated not by economic factors, but emotional factors, such as feeling involved and receiving attention. /**************** Taylorism versus the ‘Hawthorne effect’ February 28, 2011  in  Columnists Management has been one of the great success stories of this world. But what is management? A myriad of definitions litter the pages of management texts. This article will not proffer a definition but will juxtapose the two main styles of managing people at work so that readers will be able to distinguish between good and bad management. Tendai and Chipo manage a team of workers under them. Tendai tries as much as possible to avoid any human contact with his staff and treats them as economically motivated automatons. He is a â€Å"cowboy† type of manager who undermines individual initiative and freedom. On the contrary, Chipo takes a more people-oriented approach. She tries to understand the problems and anxieties of her staff and to encourage their wider participation at work. Both Tendai and Chipo seek to control their teams but using different tactics. Tendai is a scientific management type of manager. Scientific management or Taylorism had its origins in Frederick W Taylor who lived from 1856 to 1915. In essence, Taylorism entailed extreme division of labour, de-skilling of the worker, payment by results (â€Å"piece-work†), tight managerial control and ehumanisation of the workplace. Taylor and his followers considered money to be the main motivator for workers. According to him, if workers were carefully trained and given the right tools, productivity would increase. Taylor observed that workers would exert no more effort than they believed they were being paid for — a phenomenon he termed â€Å"soldiering†. He posited a panacea — time and motion studies combined with rational analysis to determine the best method for performing any particular task. His thesis was that if compensation was linked to output, productivity would go up. Taylor’s ideas marked the genesis of mass production. Henry Ford of the â€Å"You can have any colour (of car) as long as it is black† fame was one of the first to adopt Taylor’s methods in the production of the â€Å"Model T†. By the 1930s, scientific management had started to fall out of favour. Taylorism became synonymous with boring and repetitive jobs, loss of skills, loss of autonomy for the workers, low morale, sabotage, inferior quality, absenteeism, high turnover and general apathy. Having worked as a machine operator before, Taylor didn’t see workers as people, but rather as cogs in a machine that could easily be replaced. The industrial engineer, with his stopwatch and clipboard, standing over a worker measuring each little part of the job and worker’s movements became a loathed figure and led to antagonism between workers and managers. Chipo belongs to the human relations school led by Professor Elton Mayo, a Sociologist from Harvard Business School and fierce critic of Taylorism. Between 1924 and 1932, Mayo and his colleagues carried out a series of experiments with factory workers at the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company near Chicago in the United States of America. The Western Electric company was an assembly division of America Telephone and Telegraph (ATT). The research involved the illumination experiments of the mid-1920s, Relay Assembly Test Room involving the six workers from 1927 to 1932, a survey of 21 000 employees in 1928 and observations in the Bank Wiring Room from 1931-1932. The outcome of this research became famously known as the â€Å"Hawthorne Effect†. In the illumination experiments, lighting intensity was varied up and down for an experimental group of workers, whilst light levels were left unchanged for the control group. Almost all of the lighting changes led to an increase in productivity. Most interesting of all, productivity also shot up within the control group. What really was going on? Apparently, something unusual was happening. The workers felt that they were part of it. They felt important. They felt obliged to work harder and demonstrate that they could not be regarded as mere parts in the organisational machine. Thus was born the notion of the â€Å"Hawthorne Effect†. With the Bank Wiring Room experiments, a small group of male workers were engaged in producing electrical components. The research sought to find out how payment incentives would affect productivity. Surprisingly, productivity fell. Apparently, workers had become suspicious that their productivity would lead to some of them losing their jobs. Closer observation revealed the existence of informal groups or cliques which served to control group members and to manage bosses. Rate busters (those who performed beyond the norm) were forced to toe the line through a mixture of peer pressure and physical sanctions. The major finding of the Hawthorne studies was that when individuals are made to feel special, it encourages them to behave or perform at a higher level of efficiency than they might otherwise. Those men and women who participated in the Hawthorne studies felt special by virtue of being the focus of attention by the researchers. Being studied prompts a person to reflect more on the task and this often causes them to improve their performance. Like it or not, the Hawthorne studies have taken on an almost mythological status and are firmly embedded in HR folklore. The general conclusion from the studies was that workers are not solely driven by economic considerations but by social needs as well. Management therefore requires effective social skills, not just technical skills. The informal side of the organisation is as important as, or perhaps even more important than, the formal rules and hierarchy. Whereas Taylor sought to eradicate the informal aspect of work, the human relations school sought to acknowledge its indispensability and to find ways of aligning it with the formal parts and purposes of the organisation. Following Mayo, facilities such as canteens and other facilities at work including social clubs were introduced. The limitations in the research methodology used in the Hawthorne experiments led to debate and doubt about whether the conclusions of Mayo and his colleagues were valid and reliable. In 1982, Berkeley Rice alluded to the â€Å"Hawthorne Defect† in the journal Psychology Today. However, as we were all taught in business school, every research is flawed in one way or the other! Between Tendai and Chipo, who fits the â€Å"bad guy† tag? Who is the â€Å"good guy? †